Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

More than 120 types of HPV are known to medicine, which are classified using various approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of the virus, compiled according to the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	A type
Skin integuments:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher's warts	7
Epidermodysplasia wart	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-wart skin lesions	37, 38
Genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucous membranes not of the genitals:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to oncological danger, localization and shape of skin growths.

1. Localization of infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genital organs in men and women, manifested by condylomas. Beta - affects the surface layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the surface layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, that is, the ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infection by the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66. High rice- 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. Simple ones are the most common type of growth. As it develops, a keratinized tubercle of warm color is formed. Warts are localized on the skin, both alone and in groups. Most often occur on the inner and outer sides of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat - have a dark color and appear as small clumps on the skin. As a rule, they appear on the upper part of the body, less often on the genitals. Very often they make themselves felt in adolescence with a failure of the immune system, arising in the neck and arms. Pointed - condylomas affect the mucous membranes and are included in the category of oncogenic risk. Filiform - acrochord or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - localized on the internal organs. This category includes condylomas on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High-risk human papillomaviruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, infection occurs through sexual and household contact. For many years, the virus can remain dormant and not manifest itself. It can be activated by various factors, for example, a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are especially dangerous. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV is a serious danger, that is, viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses are manifested by genital warts. Their appearance is a signal for seeking medical help and removing neoplasms.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent gives rise to the development of heel and common warts. Very often, with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the feet, causing discomfort and pain to the wearer. Bumps can form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has a low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs are able to temporarily suspend its activity. Treatment is aimed at eliminating aesthetic problems, that is, removing growths. In the future, therapy is carried out to increase the defenses of the immune system. It is mandatory to prescribe drugs that inhibit papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. It manifests itself as heel and common warts. As the growths develop, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around one large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also contributes to the development of calluses and corns on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not pose a risk of malignant transformation. For treatment, surgical removal of growths is used with further immunotherapy of the patient.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growths. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of wart or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has a high carcinogenicity, that is, the risk of degeneration of skin changes into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small warty growths that merge into large lesions as they grow.
• Rashes appear on the face, back, neck, abdomen, and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear warty structures appear at the site of the wound.
• On the body and limbs, the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble cauliflower in shape. This type of papillomavirus belongs to the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (condylomas).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced nutrition, increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher's warts or Butcher's warts appear on the skin. They represent painless, light brown growths, which are most often localized on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher warts occur in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through small lesions. The growths appear on the elbows and hands in bulging, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papillomavirus type 11 is most often diagnosed in women, and it manifests itself as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has a low carcinogenicity, that is, it is not susceptible to malignant transformation.

At risk of this disease are men and women who are sexually active and often change sexual partners. Infection can occur with other sexually transmitted infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rashes.
• The growths in women appear on the labia, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, frenum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

Diagnostics is carried out according to the type of loose structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. For this, special medications are used. To remove skin changes, cryodestruction methods, laser therapy and other surgical techniques are used.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the action of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest itself as verruciform or wart epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disorder.

Papillomavirus 12 requires a comprehensive diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to severe dermatological defects and severe complications. In ¼ patients, transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (Human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Carcinoma of the genitals.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus integrates into DNA regions of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural anti-tumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, it is the 16th genotype that is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has a high oncogenicity. Embedding in the human genome provokes the growth of benign growths, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and establishment of the likelihood of malignancy of neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, one should take into account the fact that today there are no medicines that completely neutralize the 18th genotype of the papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to viruses with low carcinogenicity. Most often it manifests itself as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, then for diagnosis, scrapings of the epidermis and smears from the mucous membranes are used. Complex treatment aimed at removing skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, among which there are oncogenic, that is, those that can provoke malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection of moderate carcinogenicity, which, under the influence of certain factors, leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasia of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Erythroplasia of Keira.
• Dental complications.

Infection most often occurs during unprotected intercourse and poses the same danger to both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during the birth process, that is, transmission from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, because it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Dysplasia of the cervix.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthroponous, infection occurs only between people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts begin to form on the genitals with concomitant painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous by the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

The infection is manifested by condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, inner part of the cheek). Infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cancerous processes of the cervix.

It is not so easy to cure HPV 35, therefore, special attention is paid to preventive measures: protected sex, a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, and more. In case of infection, treatment consists of a set of techniques aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype poses a serious danger and threat to life, since it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant ones. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39, as it leads to damage to the internal genital organs. Infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection may not manifest itself in any way for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• External symptoms of infection are skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, mucous membranes of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, condylomas form on the external genitalia, as well as around the exit of the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths, which outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From the point of view of oncology, type 44 HPV poses no danger. In this case, infection with this infection is manifested by genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

Treatment of skin growths is carried out to eliminate aesthetic discomfort, that is, neoplasms are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected intercourse. A man is a carrier of the virus, while he may not know about it. In women, the infection manifests itself as warty growths on the genitals. Pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the moment of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the process of diagnostics, PCR, dygen test, calcoscopy, biopsy and cytological studies are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on what stage the disease is at.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections of medium oncogenic risk. Infection is carried out mainly through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant neoplasms in the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant condyloma Buschke-Levenshtein.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients need to pass a urogenital smear. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and assessment of the risk of malignancy is carried out.

There are no specially formulated drugs for treating this type of infection. The therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's antitumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years of age. Infection most often occurs during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper therapy, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. To do this, surgical removal of growths, a course of antiviral therapy and taking medications to strengthen the immune system are performed.

Human papillomavirus 53

Infection with HPV 53 is possible through contact with mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not pose a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain dormant for an extended period of time. The action of various factors, for example, a weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. Because of this, the cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming warty neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 is reduced to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of human papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the genitals.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other neoplastic growths. The penetration of infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sex or with open wound damage to the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, removing the growths surgically, and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infection.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen from the category of average risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condylomas of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After being introduced into the body, it provokes the appearance of small growths with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype is very often manifested on the neck, in the armpits, in the intestines, external and internal genital organs, and the bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Since the pathogen can be dormant for a long period of time. Timely diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications of Type 58 Human papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 59

HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the action of certain factors, it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, provoking a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogenic occurs with unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less often with oral sex.

Often, the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts are formed on the external genital organs and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, an analysis of viral DNA and PCR is carried out. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with papillomavirus type 66. In this case, skin growths have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital regions, perineum, mucous membranes of the genitals.

Typically, after infection, the infection is dormant for a long period of time. But under the action of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the defenses of the immune system.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected intercourse.
• Failure to comply with the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent abortions and more.

HPV 66 treatment is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating factors that provoke the spread of infection. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to the studies carried out, type 67 HPV belongs to viruses with an average status of oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype, under certain conditions, can provoke precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. Infection is manifested by papillomatous growths on the body. Growths can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

68 HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and is manifested by skin growths of various localization. The strong spread of defects and their frequent trauma are dangerous. Since at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, then the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.